This issue brings together research that explores contemporary economic changes and their effects on social dynamics from an integrative and multidisciplinary perspective. The articles included address phenomena such as the reconfiguration of labor, institutional transformations, inequality, social mobility and the adaptation of public policies in the face of uncertain contexts. This issue seeks to provide a space for critical analysis and academic reflection that connects knowledge from economics, sociology, political science and other related disciplines. The intention is to provide conceptual and empirical tools to better understand the current challenges faced by societies in transition, thus fostering a complex, collaborative and sustainable social transformation-oriented approach.